Comparing lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries for their applicability within energy storage systems

Abstract The use of nonaqueous, alkali metal‐ion batteries within energy storage systems presents considerable opportunities and obstacles. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are among the most developed and versatile electrochemical energy storage technologies currently available, but are often prohibitively expensive for large‐scale, stationary applications. As global demand for LIBs grows, dwindling supplies of cell component materials and their critical mineral precursors will likely increase future LIB costs. In this work, emerging sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) constructed from relatively inexpensive and abundant materials are examined for their viability as LIB substitutes to meet large‐scale, stationary energy storage needs. Despite the relatively underdeveloped state of SIB technology, cell material costs and performance characteristics are rapidly approaching those of some commercially successful LIB types. Advances in sustainably sourced SIB electrode materials promise to further reduce cell prices. Technoeconomic attributes of SIBs appear poised to match or exceed those of certain commercialized LIBs for large‐scale, stationary energy storage purposes. This work examines a case for use of LIBs or SIBs for seasonal, household energy storage in Canada.