Damage progression and acoustic emission in brittle failure of granite and sandstone

This paper experimentally evaluates and quantitatively compares stress-induced damage progression and acoustic emission (AE) in granite and sandstone based on continuous acousto-optic-mechanical (AOM) observations. Experimental results reveal that the step-rise characteristics of the AE event rate preceding the entire macrofracturing process and the apparent white patching phenomena are the most significant acousto-optical evidences for process zone nucleation in granite but not in sandstone. During the unstable crack growth stage in granite, the robustly high AE event rate level has been mechanically correlated with the reactivation and intensification of fracture process zones (FPZs) by the stress build-up, and the relatively low AE event rate level has been revealed as a result of the progression of FPZs into macrocracks. It is the first time that the process zone nucleation in granite has been mechanistically related to the clustering of three types of grain-scale microcracks, i.e., grain boundary cracks, intragranular cracks and transgranular cracks, due to the grain interlocking effect. Comparatively, the clustering of microcracks is insignificant in the brittle failure of sandstone. Mechanistic correlations among the AOM characteristics in the two rock types are also investigated in detail.