Recent progress of nanozymes with different spatial dimensions for bioanalysis

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like properties. Since the landmark research report on nanozymes in 2007, numerous scientists focus on the topic of nanozyme. As an artificial enzyme, nanozymes take advantage of good stability, easy modification, designability, ease of preparation, and low cost. In recent years, due to the explosion of nanotechnology, biomimetic science, catalytic science, and theoretical computing, a great number of nanozymes have been fabricated. To highlight these achievements and allow the related researchers to grasp the current research status of structure-dependent nanozymes, the state-of-the-art in nanozymes from different spatial dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D) to the bioanalysis applications were reviewed. For different spatial dimensions nanozymes, the 0D nanodot, nanosphere, nanocluster; 1D nanorod, nanotube, 2D nanosheet, lamellar structure, and 3D metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, hierarchical structure, and hydrogel were all discussed. Furthermore, the nanozymes applied for disease diagnosis, tumor microenvironment sensing, pathogen detection, drug detection, food detection, and environmental sensing were all discussed. Finally, the current challenges faced in nanozymology are outlined and the future directions for advancing nanozyme research are outlooked. We hope this review will inspire related research on nanozymes and contribute to developing nanozymes in bioanalysis.