Association Between Hearing Loss and Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta‐analysis

Abstract Objective Hearing loss (HL) has been postulated to be linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) via vascular mechanisms, but epidemiological associations remain unclear. The study aims to clarify the association between HL and stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), and any CVD. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, and SCOPUS from inception until April 27, 2022. Review Methods Three blinded reviewers selected observational studies reporting stroke, CAD, and any CVD in patients with HL, compared to individuals without HL. We extracted data, evaluated study bias using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines and a PROSPERO‐registered protocol (CRD42022348648). We used random‐effects inverse variance meta‐analyses to pool the odds ratios (ORs) for the association of HL with stroke, CAD, and any CVD. Results We included 4 cohort studies (N = 940,771) and 6 cross‐sectional studies (N = 680,349). Stroke, CAD, and any CVD were all strongly associated with HL. The overall pooled OR of the association between HL and stroke was 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16‐1.37, I 2 = 78%), and was 1.33 (95% CI = 1.12‐1.58) and 1.29 (95% CI = 1.14‐1.45) for low‐ and high‐frequency HL, respectively. Minimal publication bias was observed, with minimal change to pooled effect size following trim and fill. Similarly, the pooled OR of the association between HL and CAD was 1.36 (95% CI = 1.13‐1.64, I 2 = 96%), while that between HL and any CVD was 1.38 (95% CI = 1.07‐1.77, I 2 = 99%). Conclusion Our findings suggest that HL and CVD are closely related. Physicians treating patients with HL should be cognizant of this association and view HL in the broader context of general health and aging.