Detecting gas pipeline leaks in sandy soil with fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing

Detecting pinhole leaks in long-haul buried gas pipelines is challenging due to weak leak signals and large spans. Fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology offers highly sensitive long-distance monitoring. This study evaluates DAS for detecting pinhole gas leaks in pipelines buried in sandy soil. Controlled experiments examined the effects of pipe-to-fiber distance, fiber position, leak direction, gas pressure, and leak diameter. Pressurized gas erodes the overlying soil, forming cavities and fissures that change soil morphology. Gas preferentially diffuses upward; an optical fiber above the pipe has the highest sensitivity regardless of leak direction and should be deployed above pipelines. Two mechanisms produce DAS-recorded leak vibration signals: dynamic soil straining and gas–fiber friction. Vibration energy from dynamic soil motion concentrates at 60–120 Hz while gas–fiber friction exhibits a broader spectral response. Increasing gas pressure or leak diameter increases detected vibration power but decreases peak frequency and proportion generated by soil strain, indicating a shift toward gas–fiber friction as the dominant mechanism. These results inform improved pinhole leak monitoring in buried gas pipelines using DAS technology.