电化学
阴极
材料科学
扫描电子显微镜
离子
微观结构
锂(药物)
纳米技术
经济短缺
化学工程
电极
冶金
复合材料
化学
物理化学
哲学
有机化学
内分泌学
语言学
工程类
政府(语言学)
医学
作者
Mikołaj Nowak,Katarzyna Walczak,Anna Milewska,Justyna Płotek,A. Budziak,Janina Molenda
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172316
摘要
Li-ion batteries have become the most popular electrochemical energy storage solution, finding widespread applications in electronic devices, tools, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy systems. However, due to the increasing demand, we soon may encounter shortages in lithium resources and a rise in the cost of Li-ion batteries. Therefore, it is imperative to explore alternative options, one of which is Na-ion technology. Herein, we present and compare three sodium-based cathode materials from the high-entropy layered oxides group: NaMn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Ti0.2O2 (HEO-T), NaMn1/6Fe1/6Co1/6Ni1/6Ti1/6Cu1/6O2 (HEO-TC), and NaMn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Sn0.1Al0.05Mg0.05O2 (HEO-SAM), all of which exhibit intriguing structural and electrochemical properties. To analyse the crystal structure and microstructure, we conducted X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and captured scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The core of our research focuses on the electrochemical performance of these materials. We assembled CR2032 test cells and subjected them to testing at various current rates, ranging from C/10–5 C. Furthermore, to gain insights into the mechanisms governing HEO-based cells during operation, we conducted operando-XRD measurements. These experiments revealed the O3-P3 phase transition in each material, occurring at different sodium contents within each compound, which significantly impacts their electrochemical performance. Additionally, we present the electrochemical properties of full-cells with the general formula: Sb|Na+|HEO-SAM, tested under various current rates and subjected to long-term cycling under C/2 and 1 C current loads.
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