摘要
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgmentsThe development of this material was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation, and William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. The authors would like to acknowledge the following contributors to OpenSciEd unit 7.6: Renee Affolter, Boston College; Tommy Clayton, Columbia Middle School, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey; Candice Guy-Gaytán, BSCS Science Learning; Dawn Novak, BSCS Science Learning; Guy Ollison, BSCS Science Learning; Betty Stennett, BSCS Science Learning; Charles Hickey, Weymouth Public Schools, Weymouth, Massachusetts; Chris Newlan, David Wooster Middle School, Stratford, Connecticut; Katie Van Horne, Concolor Research; Charles Anderson, Michigan State University; Tonya Brainsky, Taunton High School, Taunton, Massachusetts; and Melissa Johnson, Saint Albert Schools, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Finally, we would like to acknowledge OpenSciEd staff, the OpenSciEd Developer’s Consortium, and the State Steering Committee for their thoughtful contributions to the development of these materials.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsAudrey MohanAudrey Mohan, Senior Research Scientist; Associate Director, OpenSciEd Developer’s Consortium, joined BSCS Science Learning in December 2012. Her expertise is in instructional materials design, evaluating instructional materials, and designing professional development. She also has expertise in crowdsourcing and mapping scientific data using cloud-based GIS. Audrey’s current work focuses on designing instructional materials to support NGSS while also igniting a curiosity in students to want to figure out the world around them. Audrey has a B.A. in History from the University of Notre Dame, an M.Ed. in Special Education from University of Texas-Austin, and a Ph.D. in Geography–Geography Education from Texas State University–San Marcos.Whitney MillsWhitney Mills (Smith), Science Educator, BSCS Science Learning, joined BSCS in 2020. Prior to this, Whitney taught middle school science using the storylines instructional model. Since working at BSCS, Whitney has used her background in teaching science storylines and leading professional learning to write for middle school and high school OpenSciEd units. Whitney has a passion for helping students make sense of their world and guiding educators to aid their students in this process. Whitney has a B.S. in Education from Pittsburg State University (Kansas) and an M.Ed. in Learning and Instructional Design from Wichita State University.Lindsey MohanLindsey Mohan, Senior Science Educator and Associate Director, joined BSCS Science Learning in May 2017. Her expertise is in instructional materials design and earth and environmental science learning. Lindsey specializes in student learning and instructional materials design in earth and environmental science. Lindsey has designed resources National Geographic Society, including a series of professional development guides for teachers called the Environmental Literacy Teacher Guides, designing online educator courses in environmental literacy topics, and collaborating with informal science institutions and non-profits on a variety of projects. Prior to that, Lindsey was an integral member of the development team for a carbon cycle learning progression at Michigan State University. In recent years, Lindsey has served as a writer and collaborator on synthesis projects, including Spatial Thinking Concepts and Skills Progression, A Roadmap for 21st Geography Education, Guidelines for Assessing High Quality Instructional Products, and A Synthesis of Math/Science Teacher Leadership Development Programs: Consensus Findings and Recommendations. Lindsey has a B.A. in Psychology from the University of Notre Dame and a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology and Educational Technology from Michigan State University.