TMJ Conditions Causing Facial Asymmetry

Chapter 12.6 TMJ Conditions Causing Facial Asymmetry Diagnosis and Treatment Larry M. Wolford, Larry M. WolfordSearch for more papers by this author Larry M. Wolford, Larry M. WolfordSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Birte Melsen D.D.S., Dr. Odont., Dr. h.c., Birte Melsen D.D.S., Dr. Odont., Dr. h.c. Visiting Professor of Orthodontics Former Professor and Head of Orthodontics College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this authorAthanasios E. Athanasiou D.D.S., M.S.D., Dr. Dent., Athanasios E. Athanasiou D.D.S., M.S.D., Dr. Dent. Dean and Professor of Orthodontics Honorary Professor of Orthodontics Former Dean, Professor and Head of Orthodontics School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 August 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119794844.ch12.6 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary All individuals express facial asymmetry (FA) of varying degrees; some are unperceivable while others have severe deformities. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conditions causing FA can affect the dentoalveolar, skeletal, and soft tissues structures. In the presence of TMJ pathology, FA correction with only orthognathic surgery may result in the asymmetry and malocclusion redeveloping post-surgery, with worsening TMJ-associated symptoms including pain and jaw dysfunction. The most common causes of unilateral facial underdevelopment include: adolescent internal condylar resorption; TMJ reactive arthritis; congenital deformities, and connective tissue/autoimmune diseases. TMJ ankylosis usually develops as a result of trauma, inflammation, sepsis, and/or systemic diseases. Hemifacial Microsomia that is present at birth and occurs sporadically with extreme variability of expression is characteristic of this disorder. Connective tissue/autoimmune diseases that can affect the TMJs include: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and mixed connective tissue disease. 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