The estrogen response in fibroblasts promotes ovarian metastases of gastric cancer

Younger premenopausal women are more prone to developing ovarian metastases (OM) of gastric cancer (GC) than metastases of other organs; however, the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here we perform single-cell RNA sequencing on 45 tumor samples from 18 GC patients with OM. Interestingly, fibroblasts in OM of GC express high levels of estrogen receptor (ER) and midkine (MDK), interacting with tumor cells through activating ER-MDK-LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) signaling axis. Functional experiments demonstrate that estrogen stimulation induces MDK secretion by ovarian fibroblasts, and binding of MDK to LRP1 increases GC cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, in vivo, estrogen stimulation remarkably augments ovarian engraftment and metastasis of LRP1