Durable Antibacterial Photothermal Membrane Using Melanin-Inspired Cu-Doped Polynorepinephrine for Water Remediation

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation is an efficient approach to addressing water scarcity due to its environmental sustainability. However, the prolonged use of solar evaporators causes microbial contamination from wastewater. Inspired by the antifouling properties of polydopamine, we develop a series of mono- and dual-metal-loaded poly(norepinephrine) (PNE) nanoparticles by pre-doping multiple metal ions. Metal doping enhances the photothermal conversion efficiency (∼60%) of PNE by reducing the energy bandgap and imparts antimicrobial properties. Cu