A local indicator of stratified power

Spatial stratified heterogeneity measures spatial association by power of determinant (PD) that compares variations within strata and across space. Models based on stratified heterogeneity have been extensively used across various fields to analyze PD from a spatial perspective. However, stratified heterogeneity in the local regions has not been investigated, although it can significantly influence the overall PD measurements in large-scale studies. This study proposes a local indicator of stratified power (LISP) to analyze local spatial stratified association and demonstrate how spatial stratified association changes spatially and in local regions. The LISP model was implemented to examine the local potential determinants of the thickness variations in lake-terminating glaciers of the Greater Himalayas. The results indicate that LISP can reveal spatial association at various local positions, effectively mitigating the underestimation or overestimation of PD values in local regions that are probably missed in global spatial stratified association models. The developed LISP model provides a reliable methodological framework for exploring local spatial associations and identifying local determinants in broad fields.