Electrochemical urea biosensor based on Proteus mirabilis urease immobilized over polyaniline PANi‐Glassy carbon electrode

Abstract In this study, a novel, sensitive electrochemical enzyme‐based biosensor for urea detection was presented. This biosensor combines a three‐electrode system consisting of a classic Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) as the working electrode, a platinum counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. To construct this urea platform, a GCE was modified with a polyaniline (PANi) film. Then, bacterial urease from Proteus mirabilis was immobilized on the modified GCE (P m ‐Urease‐PANi‐GCE). For the characterization of surface modification, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were applied, while the Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) technique was performed for urea detection. The main analytical characteristics of the P m ‐Urease‐PANi‐GCE biosensor showed a good linear range from 0.1 to 10 mM of urea, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 mM, a Michaelis‐Menten K m of 0.23 mM, and a sensitivity value 46 μA/mM/cm 2 . This biosensor allows the detection of urea in solutions, and it could be improved for further medical, environmental, or engineering applications.