Benefits of leisure-related physical activity and association between sedentary time and risk for hypertension and type 2 diabetes

Introduction: Lifestyle modifications can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension. Our study investigated whether domain-specific physical activity (such as work, transport and leisure) and sedentary behaviour were associated with T2DM and hypertension, and whether these associations were moderated by sex and age. Method: For this cross-sectional study, data were obtained from a population survey in Singapore (n=2,867) conducted from February 2019 to March 2020. T2DM and hypertension were self-reported. Global physical activity questionnaire was used to assess domain-specific physical activity (in metabolic equivalent of task [MET]-minutes) and sedentary time (in hours). Logistic regression models were generated to examine the abovementioned associations, and adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, personal income, body mass index, diet and hypertension/diabetes. Interaction terms were included individually to investigate whether age and sex moderated the associations. Results: Individuals with >826 MET-minutes of leisure-related physical activity had lower odds of having T2DM (odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24–0.86) and hypertension (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37–0.94) than those with no leisure-related physical activity. Individuals with >8 hours of sedentary time had higher odds of having hypertension (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.06–2.69) than those with 0–5 hours of sedentary time. Logistic regression models including interaction terms showed that the association between leisure-related physical activity and hypertension was significant for those aged 18–34 (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.66) and 50–64 years (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21–0.91). The association between sedentary time and hypertension was significant for those aged 18–34 years (OR 15.07, 95% CI 1.69–133.92). Conclusion: Our results support the widespread promotion of an active lifestyle to lower the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in Singapore. Keywords: Active lifestyle, domain-specific physical activity, global physical activity questionnaire