Ethical Considerations of Endovascular Brain–Computer Interfaces

The use of stent-based endovascular electrode arrays is a recent approach to brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). These arrays can record neuronal activity from within the large blood vessels of the brain following placement via catheterization. Accessing the brain without the need for open craniotomy is appealing and may inspire future generations of endovascular BCI devices. Here we review some of the bioethical considerations arising from the adoption of endovascular electrode arrays for BCIs. We consider the safety and efficacy of endovascular arrays in comparison to the risks/benefits of other approaches to BCI. We explore the bioethical implications of their permanency as these implants are designed to remain in place indefinitely following endothelialization. Additionally, we consider how endovascular approaches to BCI might affect the informed consent process and discuss how the publicity surrounding BCIs may influence the expectations of a new generation of endovascular BCIs.