Fatigue tests were carried out on Al alloy-carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) riveted single-shear lap joints. Through the signal processing of dynamic response, the relationship between the evolution of displacement, stiffness, dissipated energy and different failure behaviours is studied, and the service state evolution and fatigue failure process are revealed. Results show that higher load amplitudes lead to changes in the interface slip state, which increases the dissipated power. The weak point of the joint is changed from the aluminium alloy lap plate to the CFRP lap plate, which is finally reflected in the change of failure mode.