Thromboembolic complications in nephrotic syndrome

This review devoted to the nephrotic syndrome (NS) subsequent thrombotic outcomes. The pathogenesis of hypercoagulation disorders that cause venous and arterial vascular system thrombosis are studied. Discussed procoagulant and anticoagulant mechanisms imbalance due to the anticoagulants natural urinal loss, affected by disfunction of the glomerular filter selective permeability, leading to high molecular weight liver-derived proteins (at least of the albumin size) leakage, fibrinolysis depression, excessive liver synthesis of plasma clotting cascade factors and platelet activation. Presented new data on the thrombogenesis at NS concerning the role of endothelial microparticles with high prothrombogenic activity that go from damaged glomerulus endothelial capillary cells into the systemic circulation, which can turn the local renal hypercoagulation (concomitant to the kidney immune inflammation process) into the generalized, working towards the thrombosis development. The most frequent adverse variants of arterial and venous thromboses are studied, specified their basic and general risk factors, as well as individual, varying in different patients. Indications and prophylactic anticoagulant therapy regimen and thrombosis treatment duration in patients with NS are discussed. It also stressed that the decision on time and method of anticoagulant therapy for a NS patients is still a challenge for healthcare providers.