亲爱的研友该休息了!由于当前在线用户较少,发布求助请尽量完整的填写文献信息,科研通机器人24小时在线,伴您度过漫漫科研夜!身体可是革命的本钱,早点休息,好梦!

A Preliminary Analysis of the Economics of Using Distributed Energy as a Source of Reactive Power Supply

交流电源 分布式发电 伏安无功 补偿(心理学) 电气工程 功率(物理) 业务 电压优化 可再生能源 工程类 电压 物理 精神分析 心理学 量子力学
作者
Fangxing Li,J.D. Kueck,D.T. Rizy,Thomas F. King
标识
DOI:10.2172/930730
摘要

A major blackout affecting 50 million people in the Northeast United States, where insufficient reactive power supply was an issue, and an increased number of filings made to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission by generators for reactive power has led to a closer look at reactive power supply and compensation. The Northeastern Massachusetts region is one such area where there is an insufficiency in reactive power compensation. Distributed energy due to its close proximity to loads seems to be a viable option for solving any present or future reactive power shortage problems. Industry experts believe that supplying reactive power from synchronized distributed energy sources can be 2 to 3 times more effective than providing reactive support in bulk from longer distances at the transmission or generation level. Several technology options are available to supply reactive power from distributed energy sources such as small generators, synchronous condensers, fuel cells or microturbines. In addition, simple payback analysis indicates that investments in DG to provide reactive power can be recouped in less than 5 years when capacity payments for providing reactive power are larger than $5,000/kVAR and the DG capital and installation costs are lower than $30/kVAR. However, the current institutional arrangements for reactive power compensation present a significant barrier to wider adoption of distributed energy as a source of reactive power. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between how generators and transmission owners/providers are compensated for reactive power supplied. The situation for distributed energy sources is even more difficult, as there are no arrangements to compensate independent DE owners interested in supplying reactive power to the grid other than those for very large IPPs. There are comparable functionality barriers as well, as these smaller devices do not have the control and communications requirements necessary for automatic operation in response to local or system operators. There are no known distributed energy asset owners currently receiving compensation for reactive power supply or capability. However, there are some cases where small generators on the generation and transmission side of electricity supply have been tested and have installed the capability to be dispatched for reactive power support. Several concerns need to be met for distributed energy to become widely integrated as a reactive power resource. The overall costs of retrofitting distributed energy devices to absorb or produce reactive power need to be reduced. There needs to be a mechanism in place for ISOs/RTOs to procure reactive power from the customer side of the meter where distributed energy resides. Novel compensation methods should be introduced to encourage the dispatch of dynamic resources close to areas with critical voltage issues. The next phase of this research will investigate in detail how different options of reactive power producing DE can compare both economically and functionally with shunt capacitor banks. Shunt capacitor banks, which are typically used for compensating reactive power consumption of loads on distribution systems, are very commonly used because they are very cost effective in terms of capital costs. However, capacitor banks can require extensive maintenance especially due to their exposure to lightning at the top of utility poles. Also, it can be problematic to find failed capacitor banks and their maintenance can be expensive, requiring crews and bucket trucks which often requires total replacement. Another shortcoming of capacitor banks is the fact that they usually have one size at a location (typically sized as 300, 600, 900 or 1200kVAr) and thus don't have variable range as do reactive power producing DE, and cannot respond to dynamic reactive power needs. Additional future work is to find a detailed methodology to identify the hidden benefit of DE for providing reactive power and the best way to allocate the benefit among customers, utilities, transmission companies or RTOs. With the hidden benefits discovered, it will be easier for the policy maker to re-assess the value of reactive power and to form a sound competitive market for this service. Along with the capability of DE to provide local reactive power, a market needs to exist to promote the operation of DE to regulate voltage and net power factor. There are a number of potential benefits that have been identified including capacity relief, loss reduction, improved system reliability, extended equipment life, reduced transport of reactive power from the G&T, and improved local voltage regulation and power factor. An attempt has been made using very simple data and cases to quantify these benefits. Only the model of a larger and more detailed distribution system with DE can truly give a full picture of the benefits that reactive power from local DE can provide.
最长约 10秒,即可获得该文献文件

科研通智能强力驱动
Strongly Powered by AbleSci AI
更新
大幅提高文件上传限制,最高150M (2024-4-1)

科研通是完全免费的文献互助平台,具备全网最快的应助速度,最高的求助完成率。 对每一个文献求助,科研通都将尽心尽力,给求助人一个满意的交代。
实时播报
专注半烟完成签到 ,获得积分10
2秒前
痴情的蒙蒙完成签到 ,获得积分10
6秒前
39秒前
李爱国应助Mia采纳,获得10
43秒前
batmanrobin完成签到,获得积分10
52秒前
1分钟前
1分钟前
小马甲应助thousandlong采纳,获得10
1分钟前
Luis应助科研通管家采纳,获得10
1分钟前
Hello应助科研通管家采纳,获得10
1分钟前
1分钟前
thousandlong发布了新的文献求助10
2分钟前
一只鱼完成签到,获得积分10
3分钟前
3分钟前
静静完成签到 ,获得积分10
3分钟前
3分钟前
wannada发布了新的文献求助10
3分钟前
深情安青应助科研通管家采纳,获得10
3分钟前
Luis应助科研通管家采纳,获得10
3分钟前
希望天下0贩的0应助wannada采纳,获得10
4分钟前
qiu完成签到,获得积分10
4分钟前
研友_VZG7GZ应助学术混子采纳,获得10
4分钟前
pcr163应助有人采纳,获得50
4分钟前
科研通AI2S应助动人的书雪采纳,获得10
4分钟前
4分钟前
Ally应助recardo采纳,获得30
4分钟前
4分钟前
5分钟前
HS完成签到,获得积分10
5分钟前
5分钟前
学术混子发布了新的文献求助10
5分钟前
学术混子完成签到,获得积分10
5分钟前
5分钟前
5分钟前
豆子应助巴拉巴拉巴拉采纳,获得10
5分钟前
5分钟前
左囧发布了新的文献求助10
5分钟前
寻道图强应助左囧采纳,获得30
6分钟前
amengptsd完成签到,获得积分10
6分钟前
左囧完成签到,获得积分10
6分钟前
高分求助中
Sustainability in Tides Chemistry 1500
Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3: Primates 805
拟南芥模式识别受体参与调控抗病蛋白介导的ETI免疫反应的机制研究 550
Gerard de Lairesse : an artist between stage and studio 500
Digging and Dealing in Eighteenth-Century Rome 500
Queer Politics in Times of New Authoritarianisms: Popular Culture in South Asia 500
Manual of Sewer Condition Classification 500
热门求助领域 (近24小时)
化学 医学 生物 材料科学 工程类 有机化学 生物化学 物理 内科学 纳米技术 计算机科学 化学工程 复合材料 基因 遗传学 催化作用 物理化学 免疫学 量子力学 细胞生物学
热门帖子
关注 科研通微信公众号,转发送积分 3068088
求助须知:如何正确求助?哪些是违规求助? 2722059
关于积分的说明 7476002
捐赠科研通 2369097
什么是DOI,文献DOI怎么找? 1256150
科研通“疑难数据库(出版商)”最低求助积分说明 609490
版权声明 596815