Active Safety Control of X-by-Wire Electric Vehicles: A Survey

<div>This article presents a survey on active safety control of X-by-wire electric vehicles. The steer-by-wire (SBW) system, brake-by-wire (BBW) system, and electric drive system are three critical techniques for X-by-wire electric vehicles. As to the three systems, the structure comparison and performance analysis of existing products and prototypes are conducted. Then two kinds of X-by-wire chassis configuration, i.e., the centralized type and the distributed type, are introduced. For active safety control, various control models are summarized, including vehicle dynamics model, single-track model, path tracking model, and wheel dynamics model. Based on the proposed model, different active safety control algorithms are introduced involving longitudinal dynamics control, handling stability control, rollover prevention control, path tracking control, and active fault-tolerant control. In addition, some data-driven approaches for active safety control of X-by-wire electric vehicles are reviewed. Furthermore, a comparative analysis between the model-based approach and the data-driven approach for active safety control is conducted. Finally, some challenges and prospects for the active safety control of X-by-wire electric vehicles are discussed and given.</div>