The consistency of the influence of pride and shame on cognitive flexibility: Evidence from ERP

This study uses simple tasks to induce self-conscious emotions and event-related potentials to investigate the effects of pride, neutral, and shame emotions on cognitive flexibility. The behavior results revealed that the switching tasks had a longer reaction time and a lower accuracy rate than the repetitive tasks. Furthermore, the reaction time was longer, and the accuracy rate was lower for individuals in the shame and pride emotions group than the neutral group. ERP results revealed that the switching task induced a larger P3 wave amplitude than the repetitive task. In addition, the P3 difference wave for pride and shame emotions was significantly smaller than that of neutral emotions. However, there were no significant differences in N2 wave. These findings imply that pride and shame may inhibit conversion ability and consistently affect cognitive flexibility. This consistency may be manifested in late decision-making tasks. Our finds provide a theoretical basis for management of students' pride and shame.