A novel thermal management system for battery packs in hybrid electrical vehicles utilising waste heat recovery

Thermal management system generally ensures the safe operating conditions and heat resilience of battery packs in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The current study raised a novel approach to reduce fire risks related to HEVs through a novel battery thermal management system powered by low-grade combustion waste heat running on steam ejectors for the first time. In this paper, an ejector operating at a low temperature under 100 °C for HEV's battery thermal management system is proposed and investigated. An in-house wet-steam model considering the condensation effect has been developed to characterise the ejector's internal flow structure and further analyse its feasibility as a thermal management system. The results show that the model considering the condensation process is more feasible in evaluating the performance of the steam ejector than the dry gas assumption. To improve the performance of the proposed ejector battery thermal management system, the effect of superheating of primary steam has been investigated. The results showed that an optimum point exists with 11 K superheating between improvement of entrainment ratio, the system's coefficient of performance and the power efficiency for the current case. The entrainment ratio at that point reaches around 0.45, while the coefficient of performance reaches 0.225.