堤防
大洪水
中国
流域
洪水(心理学)
水文学(农业)
农业
腐蚀
防洪
自然(考古学)
塔里木河
地理
水资源管理
环境科学
自然地理学
考古
地质学
地貌学
心理学
地图学
岩土工程
心理治疗师
作者
Yunzhen Chen,James P. M. Syvitski,Shu Gao,Irina Overeem,Albert J. Kettner
标识
DOI:10.1007/s13280-012-0290-5
摘要
We analyze 4000-year flood history of the lower Yellow River and the history of agricultural development in the middle river by investigating historical writings and quantitative time series data of environmental changes in the river basin. Flood dynamics are characterized by positive feedback loops, critical thresholds of natural processes, and abrupt transitions caused by socio-economic factors. Technological and organizational innovations were dominant driving forces of the flood history. The popularization of iron plows and embankment of the lower river in the 4th century bc initiated a positive feedback loop on levee breaches. The strength of the feedback loop was enhanced by farming of coarse-sediment producing areas, steep hillslope cultivation, and a new river management paradigm, and finally pushed the flood frequency to its climax in the seventeenth century. The co-evolution of river dynamics and Chinese society is remarkable, especially farming and soil erosion in the middle river, and central authority and river management in the lower river.
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