Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for the treatment of acute rejection in pediatric and adult bowel transplant

Mesenchymal stem cells are under investigation as a novel therapy to treat solid organ transplant rejection. However, significant hurdles have limited their use in humans. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles address many of these shortcomings but have not been investigated clinically. Here we report our experience treating two patients with graft rejection and inflammation following bowel transplant using mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles.