Increased night-time oxidation over China despite widespread decrease across the globe

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emitted from combustion and natural sources are reactive gases that regulate the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Nocturnal oxidation driven by nitrate radicals is an important but poorly understood process in atmospheric chemistry, affecting the lifetimes of NOx and ozone and particulate pollution levels. Understanding the trends of nitrate radicals is important to formulating effective pollution mitigation strategies and understanding the influence of NOx on climate. Here we analyse publicly available monitoring data on NOx and ozone to assess production rates and trends of surface nitrate radicals from 2014 to 2021 across the globe. We show that nitrate radicals have undergone strong increases in China during 2014–2019 but exhibited modest decreases in the United States and the European Union. Accelerated night-time oxidation has shortened the lifetime of summer NOx in China by 30% during 2014–2019. This change will strongly affect ozone formation and has policy implications for the joint control of ozone and fine particulate pollution. Measurements show that night-time production of atmospheric nitrate radicals increased in China but decreased in the European Union and the United States from 2014 to 2019. This suggests the increasing contribution of night-time atmospheric oxidation in China to air pollution.