1Medical Data Analytics Centre 2Department of Medicine and Therapeutics 3State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 4Department of Internal Medicine, Union Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; NA, nucleos(t)ide analogues; WHO, World Health Organization. Correspondence Grace Lai-Hung Wong, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, 9/F Prince of Wales Hospital, 30-32 Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, Hong Kong. Email: [email protected]