Finite-element-based cross-section analysis method for functionally graded sandwich members with arbitrary shapes and gradients

Recent advancements in manufacturing technologies have facilitated the efficient and cost-effective production of functionally graded (FG) sandwich members, offering exceptional structural performances. However, designing these members is challenging due to the difficulties in accurately determining their cross-sectional properties, especially within routine designs that rely on beam-column elements. To this end, this paper introduces a robust finite-element-based cross-section analysis method for FG sandwich sections considering arbitrary shapes and material gradients. A novel nonhomogeneous plane triangle (NPT) element is formulated to enhance the computational efficiency of the developed cross-section analysis approach. A new structural analysis software with a graphic user interface, namely MSASect2, is developed based on the proposed cross-section analysis approach for its convenient implementation in practice. Four examples are displayed to verify the correctness of the present study and MSASect2, indicating their potential to promote the broader application of FG sandwich sections.