[Comparison of Three Remote Sensing Indices in Revealing the Vegetation Growth Dynamics in Nepal from 2000 to 2020].

Remote sensing indices have been widely used to monitor the vegetation growth dynamics induced by climate change and human activities, and yet the consistency of the vegetation dynamics revealed by different remote sensing indices in mountains is unclear. Using Nepal as a case study, this study explored the spatial-termporal consistencies of the three widely-used remote sensing indices （i.e., normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）, leaf area index （LAI）, and net primary production （NPP）） in quantifying the vegetation growth dynamics in mountainous regions. The results indicated that the spatial distributions of the multi-year mean estimates varied greatly by remote sensing index, especially in the low-altitude regions. The maximum NDVI, LAI, and NPP occurred in the low, medium, and high mountain regions, respectively. Although all three indices showed an overall increasing tendency from a long-term perspective, the area percentage of the lands with a significant trend was obviously larger in NDVI （82%） than that in NPP （58%） and LAI （56%）. In addition, the land area percentages with vegetation growth enhancement decreased gradually by the rise of altitude for both the NDVI and LAI indices but decreased after an increase for the NPP index. Only 9.6% of the lands showed consistent long-term trends （with the same change directions and significant levels） in the three indices on a per-pixel basis. Our findings highlight the large uncertainties of remote sensing indices in monitoring vegetation growth dynamics in mountainous areas, and the importance of developing reinforced remote sensing products in future efforts.