Effects of ammonia exposure and post-exposure recovery in pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: Histological, physiological and molecular responses

The toxic effects of ammonia exposure on Litopenaeus vannamei have been widely reported, including tissue damage, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders, but the ability of L. vannamei to recover from ammonia damage is still unclear. To further understand the adaptation mechanism of L. vannamei to ammonia, this study explored the effects of ammonia exposure and recovery on histopathology, physiological indicators, and transcriptomic responses. In the ammonia exposure (NH