Nanoporous nickel thin film anode optimization for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Thin film solid oxide fuel cells (TF–SOFCs) having anode–substrate nanostructure that was optimized for the low-temperature operation were fabricated. Nickel thin film anodes with four different anode thicknesses were deposited on anodic aluminum oxide templates, nanoporous substrates having two different pore sizes, by the sputtering method. Subsequently, a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and platinum cathode were deposited on them, which completed the entire fuel cell structure. The anode nanostructure of fuel cells in six combinations was analyzed by the cross-sectional view, surface microscopy method, and three-dimensional morphology observation. Those investigations enabled the anode nanostructure to be identified, such as the anode porosity and the roughness of the interface between anodes and electrolytes. Then, the six TF–SOFCs were electrochemically characterized in a 500 °C operating environment. The maximum power densities were obtained through the i–V–P curves, and the highest performance of 294.1 mW/cm2 was measured in the cell having a combination of 200 nm–sized porous aluminum anodic oxide (AAO) and 1200 nm–thick Ni anode. This showed up to 20.1% improvement over the other cells. EIS analysis showed that the optimized ohmic and faradaic resistance originated from each part of the unique TF–SOFC structure.