Formation of volatile flavor compounds, maillard reaction products and potentially hazard substance in China stir-frying beef sao zi

The effects of stir-frying stages on the formation of flavor volatile compounds, Maillard reaction products (MRPs) and potentially hazardous substances with time in stir-fried beef sao zi were investigated. A total of 122 volatile compounds were identified in beef sao zi after stir-frying. Most of the volatile compounds were produced in the stir-frying fat (SFF) process of beef sao zi. Furosine, fluorescence intensity, Nε-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML), Nε-(1-Carboxyethyl)-L-lysine (CEL) polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) and acrylamides (AA) are mainly presented in stir-fried beef sao zi. The furosine peaked at MSF 120 s as the Maillard reaction progressed. The fluorescent compound gradually increased with time during the stir-frying process. The CML and CEL peaked at MSF 120 s. AA reached its maximum in MSF 90 s and then decreased. The quantities and content of HAAs and PAHs were increased by prolonging the stir-frying time, but ended up far lower than the maximum permissible value specified by the Commission of the European Communities. The extended stir-frying promoted MRPs and some hazardous substances, but the content of potentially hazardous substances was still within the safety range for stir-frying beef sao zi.