Formation of H2S and sulfur-rich bitumen from a reservoired heavy oil in the presence of elemental sulfur

The hypothesis of a low temperature natural "vulcanization" process as a potential mechanism for the formation of insoluble bitumen and H2S in reservoirs which have not undergone biodegradation, high thermal stress, or thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) has been investigated using laboratory simulation experiments. The experiments, involving elemental sulfur (32S and 34S), a low maturity oil and water at 200 °C in sealed gold tubes, clearly showed that elemental sulfur is able to induce the formation of H2S, polar compounds (resins and asphaltenes) and insoluble bitumen most likely by way of sulfur cross-linking processes. Specific organic sulfur compounds (thiophenes, dithiophenes and thienothiophenes) formed by the reaction of sulfur and hydrocarbons may be potential markers of such a process, but remain to be detected in natural samples.