Significant influence of Northern Hemisphere high latitude climate on appeared precession rhythm of East Asian summer monsoon after Mid-Brunhes Transition interglacials recorded in the Chinese loess

The periodicity and forcing mechanism of the past East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) precipitation are the natural background for predicting future precipitation changes, but they are controversial and intensely debated. Here, we present a high-resolution EASM precipitation record reconstructed from the loess redness in North China over the past 720 kyr. The average precipitation for interglacials is 420 mm/yr, higher than present (~280 mm/yr). Combing through our EASM records and previously published data exhibits a dominated periodicity of 100 kyr on the orbital timescale, and thus supports the hypothesis of high-latitude climate forcing. More importantly, we found the precession cycle appears only after the Mid-Brunhes Transition (MBT, ~430 ka) in the EASM records and it follows the global ice volume prior to the MBT in the interglacials interiors. We argue that during the post-MBT interglacials, abruptly appearing Arctic perennial sea ice resulted southward shift of the Northern Hemisphere Westerlies jet, thereby decreasing the EASM precipitation in North China. This suggests that the precession rhythm in the EASM possibly is a result of Arctic perennial sea ice or Northern Hemisphere ice sheets changes. In the warm Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5e and 11e, the strongest EASM precipitation may be related to the strengthening of the moisture transport from the warming tropical ocean. Therefore, the variation of the mid-latitude EASM precipitation intensity during the interglacial interiors is the integrated effect between the North Hemisphere high latitude ice volume and low latitude climate changes.