Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs) and Bacterial Cell Wall Elongation Complexes

The bacterial cell wall is the validated target of mainstream antimicrobials such as penicillin and vancomycin. Penicillin and other β-lactams act by targeting Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)Penicillin-binding proteins (pbps), enzymes that play key roles in the biosynthesis of the main component of the cell wall, the peptidoglycanPeptidoglycan. Despite the spread of resistance towards these drugs, the bacterial cell wall continues to be a major Achilles’ heel for microbial survival, and the exploration of the cell wall formation machinery is a vast field of work that can lead to the development of novel exciting therapiesTherapy. The sheer complexity of the cell wall formation process, however, has created a significant challenge for the study of the macromolecular interactions that regulate peptidoglycanPeptidoglycan biosynthesis. New developments in genetic and biochemical screens, as well as different aspects of structural biologyStructural biology, have shed new light on the importance of complexes formed by PBPs, notably within the cell wall elongationCell wall elongation machinery. This chapter summarizes structural and functional details of PBP complexes involved in the periplasmic and membrane steps of peptidoglycanPeptidoglycan biosynthesis with a focus on cell wall elongationCell wall elongation. These assemblies could represent interesting new targets for the eventual development of original antibacterials.