Nutrient regulation of glucagon secretion: involvement in metabolism and diabetes

胰高血糖素 葡萄糖稳态 内分泌学 内科学 胰高血糖素受体 脂肪组织 肠内分泌细胞 平衡 胰岛素 生物 糖尿病 碳水化合物代谢 能量稳态 受体 医学 内分泌系统 胰岛素抵抗 激素
作者
Laura Marroquí,Paloma Alonso‐Magdalena,Beatriz Merino,Esther Fuentes,Ángel Nadal,Iván Quesada
出处
期刊:Nutrition Research Reviews [Cambridge University Press]
卷期号:27 (1): 48-62 被引量:48
标识
DOI:10.1017/s0954422414000031
摘要

Glucose homeostasis is precisely regulated by glucagon and insulin, which are released by pancreatic α- and β-cells, respectively. While β-cells have been the focus of intense research, less is known about α-cell function and the actions of glucagon. In recent years, the study of this endocrine cell type has experienced a renewed drive. The present review contains a summary of established concepts as well as new information about the regulation of α-cells by glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and other nutrients, focusing especially on glucagon release, glucagon synthesis and α-cell survival. We have also discussed the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis and in energy and lipid metabolism as well as its potential as a modulator of food intake and body weight. In addition to the well-established action on the liver, we discuss the effects of glucagon in other organs, where the glucagon receptor is expressed. These tissues include the heart, kidneys, adipose tissue, brain, small intestine and the gustatory epithelium. Alterations in α-cell function and abnormal glucagon concentrations are present in diabetes and are thought to aggravate the hyperglycaemic state of diabetic patients. In this respect, several experimental approaches in diabetic models have shown important beneficial results in improving hyperglycaemia after the modulation of glucagon secretion or action. Moreover, glucagon receptor agonism has also been used as a therapeutic strategy to treat obesity.
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