酪氨酸酶
熊果苷
曲酸
黑色素
脱色
黑素细胞
化学
对苯二酚
羟基化
皮肤美白
黑素体
壬二酸
色素沉着
生物化学
药理学
医学
酶
皮肤病科
黑色素瘤
癌症研究
活性成分
作者
Shoukat Parvez,Moonkyu Kang,Hwan‐Suck Chung,Chongwoon Cho,Moochang Hong,Minkyu Shin,Hyunsu Bae
摘要
Abstract The type and amount of melanin synthesized by the melanocyte, and its distribution pattern in the surrounding keratinocytes, determines the actual color of the skin. Melanin forms through a series of oxidative reactions involving the amino acid tyrosine in the presence of the enzyme tyrosinase. Tyrosinase catalyses three different reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of melanin in melanocytes: the hydroxylation of tyrosine to l ‐DOPA and the oxidation of l ‐DOPA to dopaquinone; furthermore, in humans, dopaquinone is converted by a series of complex reactions to melanin. Among the skin‐lightening and depigmenting agents, magnesium‐ l ‐ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate (MAP), hydroxyanisole, N ‐acetyl‐4‐S‐cysteaminylphenol, arbutin (hydroquinone‐beta‐ d ‐glucopyranoside) and hydroquinone (HQ) are the most widely prescribed worldwide. However, with reports of potential mutagenicity and epidemics of ochronosis, there has been an increasing impetus to find alternative herbal and pharmaceutical depigmenting agents. A review of the literature reveals that numerous other depigmenting or skin‐lightening agents are either in use or in investigational stages. Some of these, such as kojic, glycolic and azelaic acids, are well known to most dermatologists. Others have been discovered and reported in the literature more recently. Several depigmentation and lightening agents are discussed, including their historical background, biochemical characteristics, type of inhibition and activators from various sources. In addition, the clinical importance of mushroom tyrosinase as a recent prospect is discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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