Phosphate and potassium recovery from source separated urine through struvite precipitation

Phosphate can be recovered as struvite or apatite in fluidised bed reactors. Urine has a much higher phosphate concentration than sludge reject water, allowing simpler (and less expensive) process for precipitation of phosphates. A stirred tank reactor with a special compartment for liquid solid separation was used to precipitate struvite from urine. Magnesium ammonium phosphate as well as potassium magnesium phosphate are two forms of struvite that were successfully precipitated. Liquid/solid separation was very effective, but the compaction of struvite was rather poor in the case of potassium struvite. Crystals did not form clusters and maintained the typical orthorhombic structure. Ammonium struvite had slightly lower effluent phosphate concentrations, but an average of 95% of influent phosphate was removed regardless of ammonium or potassium struvite precipitation. Fluid mechanics is believed to be important and should inform further work.