Restoration framework of coastal ecosystems in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

粤港澳大湾区是全球四大湾区之一，也是我国重要的战略发展区，具有极强的开放性、经济性、生态性、社会性、海洋性和系统性特征，具有重要的理论和实践研究价值。海岸带生态系统是粤港澳大湾区重要的生态系统类型之一。受快速城市化的影响，粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统存在诸多问题，这些问题已成为影响陆海生态安全的重要因素。海岸带生态系统修复是国土空间生态修复的重要组成部分之一。为加快促进粤港澳大湾区海岸带修复，在分析粤港澳大湾区海岸带主要类型与特征基础上，通过剖析其现状海岸带生态修复存在的主要问题，依托山水林田湖草海生命共同体和陆海统筹等系统理念，提出粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复框架设计思路。基于粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统受植被、湿地、水文地质、人类活动、经济发展水平、产业发展特征、香港和澳门特别行政区等影响因素，构建了粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统分区、分类、分级修复框架，形成了由珠三角核心区、粤港澳大湾区、珠三角滨海城市群、珠江流域构成的粤港澳大湾区"一核一区一群一流域"海岸带生态系统修复新格局。在此基础上提出了粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复"十条"。以流域作为生态修复治理的基本单元，将影响海岸带生态系统平衡的多种因素进行分类整理，从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发，坚持水陆联动、陆海统筹，实施以水为核心的山水林田湖草海一体化修复，从而实现粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态系统修复新目标。通过优化湾区海岸带生态环境，维护湾区海岸带生态平衡，提高湾区海岸带生态安全格局，进而促进粤港澳大湾区的可持续发展和生态文明建设。;The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is one of four major bay areas in the world, and it is an important strategic development area in China. The GBA has strong open, economic, ecological, social, oceanic and systemic characteristics with important research value. The coastal ecosystem is one of the most important ecosystem types in the GBA. Affected by rapid urbanization, there are many problems in the coastal ecosystem of the GBA. These problems have affected the ecological security of land and sea. Besides, coastal ecosystem restoration is one of the important components of the ecological restoration of territory and space. To promote the restoration of the GBA, this paper puts forward the design idea for the restoration of the coastal ecosystems in the GBA. The idea is based on analysis of the main types and characteristics of the coastal zone in the GBA, by analyzing the main problems in the ecological restoration of the current coastal zone, and relying on the system concepts of a community of landscapes, forests, fields, lakes, grasses (sea) and of the coordination of land and sea. Based on the influence of vegetation, wetlands, hydrogeology, human activities, economic development level, industrial development characteristics, and Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions on the coastal ecosystem of the GBA, the coastal ecosystem zoning, classification and hierarchical restoration planning framework of the GBA is constructed. A new pattern of the coastal ecological zone in the GBA is composed of the core area of the Pearl River Delta, the GBA, the Pearl River Delta Coastal City Group, and the Pearl River Basin. Under this new pattern, the ten measures of the coastal ecosystem restoration plan in the GBA are proposed. Taking watershed as the basic unit of ecological restoration and governance, the various factors that affect the balance of coastal ecosystems are classified and sorted out. This will start from the integrity of the ecosystem and the system of the watershed, by insisting on water-land linkage and land-sea coordination. Then, the integrated restoration of the landscape, forest, field, lake and grass (sea) with water as the core is implemented, so as to realize the new goals of the coastal ecosystem restoration plan of the GBA. Moreover, through the optimization of the coastal ecological environment and the maintenance of the ecological balance of the coastal zone in the GBA, the coastal ecological security pattern of the GBA can be improved. Further, the sustainable development and ecological civilization construction of the GBA will be promoted.