Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: an overview of bioanalytical applications

The application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has increased dramatically in the past few years due to its ability to elucidate a plethora of physical and electronic properties of electrochemical systems such as diffusion coefficients, electron transfer rate constants, adsorption mechanisms, charge transfer resistances, capacitances and pore sizes. This review provides a short introduction to the fundamental principles of EIS before exploring the many exciting and pertinent analytical applications regarding the numerous methods in biosensing, the application of EIS with graphene based materials and last, the use of EIS with screen printed electrodes.