Electrochemical water softening: principle and application

球霰石 方解石 碳酸钙 文石 化学工程 电化学 水软化 材料科学 电解质 软化 阴极 析氧 化学 无机化学 电极 矿物学 复合材料 物理化学 有机化学 工程类
作者
C. Gabrielli,G. Maurin,H. Francy-Chausson,P. Thery,Mai T.T. Tran,Mohamed Tlili
出处
期刊:Desalination [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:201 (1-3): 150-163 被引量:158
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.012
摘要

The working principle of the electrochemical softening process was studied at the laboratory scale in order to get a better understanding and to optimize the construction and the efficiency of industrial electrolysers. For this purpose pure calco carbonic synthetic waters with well defined hardness or distribution water from Paris were used. By using a local pH sensor, it was shown that the increase of the pH in the very vicinity of the cathode induces the precipitation of the calcium carbonate on the plate, in a first step under the effect of the oxygen reduction, and after that by water reduction associated with hydrogen evolution. The local pH can reach values greater than 10. The morphology and the crystal form (calcite, vaterite and/or aragonite) of the deposits were identified by scanning or transmission electron microscopy and by X ray diffraction. It was shown that, at the beginning of the treatment, vaterite and calcite crystals form a compact layer. In galvanostatic conditions, the decrease of the active area by deposition of the insulating scale leads to an increase of the local current density and then, to the transition towards the electrolytic water reduction regime. Adendritic growth of the calcium carbonate forming a porous layer through which hydrogen diffuses easily is observed. An investigation carried out on a model scale electrolyser showed the influence of various operating parameters such as current intensity, time of treatment etc. on the efficiency of the device. This electrochemical process is also able to eliminate partially various other species like magnesium.
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