Placenta and Trophoblast: Methods and Protocols: Overview II

The placenta has multiple functions that are vital to the success of pregnancy. Trophoblast cells are specialized constituents of the placenta that are responsible in large part for these unique functions. In some species, trophoblast cells acquire invasive properties. These cells penetrate the uterus where they interact with and modify uterine vasculature. In other instances, trophoblast cells acquire the capacity to fuse with themselves or with maternal cells, or undergo the peculiar process of endoreduplication, where DNA replication continues independent of karyokinesis and cytokinesis (1,2). The placentas of all species contain a population of trophoblast cells, which possess a barrier function. These cells regulate molecular and cellular transit between maternal and fetal compartments (3). Trophoblast cells have also acquired the ability to modulate maternal and fetal physiology via production and secretion of regulatory factors and through cell—cell interactions. The outcome is reprogramming of metabolic and immune activities, which has a positive impact on maternal and fetal health and ensures the success of pregnancy.