The Integration of Electrokinetics and In Situ Chemical Oxidation Processes for the Remediation of Organically Polluted Soils

Electrokinetic in situ chemical oxidation technology (EK-ISCO) is an emerging soil remediation technology that effectively delivers oxidants in low-permeability soils. This means the oxidant can sufficiently contact the target contaminants and degrade them. The objective of this review is to examine the state of knowledge on EK-ISCO and discuss the mechanisms underlying the EK-ISCO remediation process. In this chapter, various oxidants (persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate, etc.) and enhanced methods for removing organic pollutants are discussed, including pH control, ion-exchange membranes, surfactant addition, nanomaterials, thermal processes, etc. A comparative analysis of different enhancement methods, including their major advantages and disadvantages, is summarized. This chapter also focuses on the fundamental principles and governing factors underlying EK-ISCO technology and the relevant remediation design and pilot/field-scale experiments that have taken place. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives are offered that could be used to inform future studies of the EK-ISCO remediation of organically contaminated soil. This review can provide an overview for EK-ISCO remediation of organically polluted soil and improve the understanding of the various methods used to enhance the EK-ISCO process.