Most of the existing models of structural life prediction in early carbonized environment are based on accelerated erosion after standard 28 days of cement-based materials, while cement-based materials in actual engineering are often exposed to air too early. These result in large predictions of the life expectancy of mineral-admixture cement-based materials under early CO2-erosion and affecting the safe use of structures. To this end, different types of mineral doped cement-based material test pieces are formed, and early CO2-erosion experimental tests are carried out. On the basis of the analysis of the existing model, the influence coefficient of CO2-erosion of the mineral admixture Km is introduced, the relevant function is given, and the life prediction model of the mineral admixture cement-based material under the early CO2-erosion is established and the model parameters are determined by using the particle group algorithm (PSO). It has good engineering applicability and guiding significance.