The current taxonomic status of Melampsora spp. on poplars in China (M. abietis-populi, M. abietis-canadensis, M. allii-populina, M. laricis [M. populnea f.sp. laricis], M. larici-populina, M. magnusiana, M. multa, M. occidentalis, M. populnea, M. pruinosae and M. rostrupii [M. populnea]) is discussed in this chapter. Information on host range and geographical distribution is included.