Natural-sourced benzoxazine resins, homopolymers, blends and composites: A review of their synthesis, manufacturing and applications

The production of polybenzoxazines from natural renewable materials has attracted interest because of the environmental impacts caused by conventional petroleum-based materials. This is a comprehensive review of benzoxazine resins using natural renewable raw materials. Substances, extracted from the nature, or converted from agro-waste or byproducts of the environmental industry, are utilized to synthesize benzoxazine monomers, and their polymerization behavior and the properties of polymers have been discussed. Diversity of structural features and unique functions make natural renewable materials potential candidates for high-performance benzoxazine resins. Abundance, low price, multi-approach available bio-based waste are the driving force of future applications. Papers on the manufacturing of polybenzoxazine blends and composites with renewable fillers and their applications have also been reviewed.