Evolutionary strategies drive a balance of the interacting gene products for theCBLandCIPKgene families

Summary Genes encoding interacting proteins tend to be co‐retained after whole‐genome duplication (WGD). The preferential retention after WGD has been explained by the gene balance hypothesis (GBH). However, small‐scale duplications could independently occur in the connected gene families. Certain evolutionary strategies might keep the dosage balanced. Here, we examined the gene duplication, interaction and expression patterns of calcineurin B‐like (CBL) and CBL‐interacting protein kinase (CIPK) gene families to understand the underlying principles. The ratio of the CBL and CIPK gene numbers evolved from 5 : 7 in Physcomitrella to 10 : 26 in Arabidopsis , and retrotransposition, tandem duplication, and WGDs contributed to the expansion. Two pairs of CBLs and six pairs of CIPKs were retained after the α WGD in Arabidopsis , in which specific interaction patterns were identified. In some cases, two retained CBLs (CIPKs) might compete to interact with a sole CIPK (CBL). Results of gene expression analyses indicated that the relatively over‐retained duplicates tend to show asymmetric expression, thus avoiding competition. In conclusion, our results suggested that the highly specific interaction, together with the differential gene expression pattern, jointly maintained the balanced dosage for the interacting CBL and CIPK proteins.