Scaling Blockchain via Layered Sharding

计算机科学 可扩展性 提交 棱锥(几何) 节点(物理) 数据库事务 分布式事务 块链 分布式计算 吞吐量 并行计算 事务处理 计算机网络 操作系统 数据库 计算机安全 物理 工程类 光学 结构工程 无线
作者
Zicong Hong,Song Guo,Peng Li
出处
期刊:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications [Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]
卷期号:40 (12): 3575-3588 被引量:45
标识
DOI:10.1109/jsac.2022.3213350
摘要

As a promising solution to blockchain scalability, sharding divides blockchain nodes into small groups called shards, splitting the workload. Existing works for sharding, however, are limited by cross-shard transactions, since they need to split each cross-shard transaction into multiple sub-transactions, each of which costs a consensus round to commit. In this paper, we introduce PYRAMID, a novel sharding system based on the idea of layered sharding. In PYRAMID, the nodes with better hardware are allowed to participate in multiple shards and store the blockchains of these shards thus they can validate and execute the cross-shard transactions without splitting. Next, to commit the cross-shard transactions with consistency among the related shards, we design a cooperative cross-shard consensus based on collective signature-based inter-shard collaboration. Furthermore, we present an optimization framework to compute an optimal layered sharding strategy maximizing the transaction throughput with the constraint of system security and node resource. Finally, we implement a prototype for PYRAMID based on Ethereum and the experimental results reveal the efficiency of PYRAMID in terms of performance and scalability, especially in workloads with a high percentage of cross-shard transactions. PYRAMID improves the throughput by up to 3.2 times compared with the state-of-the-art works and achieves about 3821 transaction per seconds for 20 shards.
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