Trends and Outcomes of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Clinical Stage T1 Pancreatic Cancer

ABSTRACT Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) for early pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains controversial. We investigate the adoption of NC and its impact on survival in clinical T1 (cT1) PDAC. Methods National Cancer Database (2006–2017) was reviewed for cT1 PDAC. Patients receiving NC and surgery were compared with patients undergoing upfront surgery (US). Results A total of 5886 patients were included. NC use increased from 4.8% in 2006 to 18.8% in 2017. The NC group ( n = 618) versus the US group ( n = 5268) had: younger age (66 years vs. 68 years), smaller tumor size (2 cm vs. 2.2 cm), more pancreas head tumors (77% vs. 70.6%), lower lymph‐vascular invasion (25.9% vs. 40.6%), and less lymph node positivity (43.6% vs. 54.5%), p < 0.001. Factors associated with receipt of NC were: younger age, recent year of diagnosis, and treatment at an academic program. In the NC group versus the US group, median OS was 35.2 months versus 28.3 months, p < 0.001. Factors associated with improved survival included: well differentiated pathology, R0 surgical margins, and receipt of chemotherapy. Conclusion In cT1 PDAC, chemotherapy is associated with improved survival. In a surgery‐first approach, only 59% of patients receive adjuvant chemotherapy. These data suggest consideration of neoadjuvant therapy for early pancreatic cancer.