Endothelial cell‐derived extracellular vesicles induce pro‐angiogenic responses in mesenchymal stem cells

Angiogenesis is a central component of vital biological processes such as wound healing, tissue nourishment, and development. Therefore, angiogenic activities are precisely maintained with secreted factors such as angiopoietin‐1 (Ang1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As an element of intracellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs)—particularly EVs of vascular origin—could have key functions in maintaining angiogenesis. However, the functions of EVs in the control of angiogenesis have not been fully studied. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (HUVEC)‐derived small EVs (<200 nm; HU‐sEVs) were investigated as a potential pro‐angiogenic agent. Treating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mature HUVEC cells with HU‐sEVs induced their tube formation under in vitro conditions and significantly increased the expression of angiogenesis‐related genes, such as Ang1 , VEGF , Flk‐1 (VEGF receptor 2), Flt‐1 (VEGF receptor 1), and vWF (von Willebrand Factor), in a dose‐dependent manner. These results indicate that HU‐sEVs take part in angiogenesis activities in physiological systems, and suggest endothelial EVs as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of angiogenesis‐related diseases.