Sorghum starch review: Structural properties, interactions with proteins and polyphenols, and modification of physicochemical properties

Sorghum, a gluten-free carbohydrate source with high antioxidants and resistant starch, contains anti-nutrients like phytic acid, tannin, and kafirin. Interactions with starch and proteins result in polyphenol-starch, starch-kafirin, and tannin-protein complexes. These interactions yield responses such as V-type amylose inclusion complexes, increased hydrophobic residues, and enzyme resistance, reducing nutrient availability and elevating resistant starch levels. Factors influencing these interactions include starch composition, structure, and Chain Length Distribution (CLD). Starch structure is impacted by enzymes like ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, starch synthases, and debranching enzymes, leading to varied chain lengths and distributions. CLD differences significantly affect crystallinity and physicochemical properties of sorghum starch. Despite its potential, the minimal utilization of sorghum starch in food is attributed to anti-nutrient interactions. Various modification approaches, either direct or indirect, offer diverse physicochemical changes with distinct advantages and disadvantages, presenting opportunities to enhance sorghum starch applications in the food industry.