A smartphone-integrated test paper sensing platform for visual and intelligent detection of nitrofurantoin in honey samples

The development of a rapid and convenient detection method for nitrofurantoin (NFT) residual is of great significance for food safety. Herein, a new fluorescent probe (Eu-TDCA-Phen) was developed for the visual and sensitive assay of NFT through the fluorescence quenching effect of inner filter effect (IFE) and photo-induced electron transfer (PET). The probe suspension demonstrates a wide linear range (0–0.16 mM), low detection limit (90 nM), high sensitivity, and rapid response time (2 min) in the “turn-off” process. To quantify the visual detection process, a smartphone-assisted test paper sensing platform was established and was applied for NFT determination in real honey samples, achieving satisfactory recovery rate ranges from 98.04 % to 105.04 %. Furthermore, a logic gate device was integrated with the sensing platform to streamline the visual detection process. The sensing platform offers several merits, including simpleness, quantification, portability and cost-effectiveness, making it highly suitable for real-time and on-site detection of antibiotics in food samples.