Polymer-incorporated MXene aerogels: synthesis, classification, and properties

Aerogels have attracted strong research interest for use in harsh environmental conditions due to their ultra-low density, low thermal conductivity, and high specific surface area. However, long-term applications for sol-gel-based aerogels remain limited due to their poor mechanical properties. For this reason, MXene-based aerogels derived from two-dimensional nanosheets have received significant research attention due to their unique structure, outstanding electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. In this review, a timely and systematic overview of recent advances in polymer-incorporated MXene aerogels, from their synthesis to use in practical applications, is provided. In particular, state-of-the-art MXene synthesis strategies and the performance of different types of polymer-crosslinked MXene aerogels are discussed, followed by a description of their multifunctional applications in sensors, energy storage and conversion processes, thermal management, electromagnetic interference shielding, and water purification. The properties of polymer- incorporated MXene aerogels fabricated using conducting, non-conducting, bio-, and synthetic polymers are thoroughly described, and the strengths and limitations of this class of aerogel and potential future developments are also addressed.